angel23
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Daclizumab (Zenapax) is a humanized monoclonal antibody to the IL-2Rα receptor of T cells. It is used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation, especially in kidney transplants.
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| angel23
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Like the similar drug basiliximab, daclizumab reduces the incidence and severity of acute rejection in kidney transplantation without increasing the incidence of opportunistic infections.
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| angel23
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Daclizumab can also be used in place of a calcineurin-inhibitor (ciclosporin or tacrolimus) in the early phase after kidney transplantation when the kidney is recovering and vulnerable to calcineurin-inhibitor toxicity. This has been shown to be beneficial in non-heart beating donor kidney transplantation
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| angel23
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Trastuzumab (more commonly known under the trade name Herceptin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that acts on the HER2/neu (erbB2) receptor. Trastuzumab's principal use is as an anti-cancer therapy in breast cancer in patients whose tumors over express (produce more than the usual amount of) this receptor. Trastuzumab is administered either once a week or once every three weeks intravenously for 30 to 90 minutes.
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| angel23
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Plasmodium vivax induces morphologic alterations in infected host erythrocytes that are visible by light microscopy in Romanovsky-stained blood smears as multiple brick-red dots. These morphologic changes, referred to as Schuffner's dots, are important in the identification of this species of malarial parasite
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| angel23
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The most distinctive features of P. vivax are the enlarged infected erythrocytes and the appearance of granules, called 'Schüffner's dots', over the erythrocyte cytoplasm. These granules are manifestation of caveola-vesicle complexes that form on the erythrocyte membrane
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| angel23
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Proguanil (proguanil hydrochloride) is a prophylactic antimalarial drug, which works by stopping the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, from reproducing once it is in the red blood cells. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the parasite.
Proguanil is effective against sporozoites.
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| angel23
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Atovaquone is a medication used to treat or prevent:
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), although it is not approved for treatment of severe PCP.
Toxoplasmosis. The medication has antiparasitic and therapeutic effects.
Malaria. It is one of the two components (along with proguanil) in the drug Malarone. Malarone has fewer side effects than mefloquine, but can be more expensive because it's taken daily.[3]
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, Bactrim) is generally considered first line therapy for PCP or toxoplasmosis. However, atovaquone may be used in patients who cannot tolerate, or are allergic to, TMP-SMX. In addition, atovaquone has the advantage of not causing myelosuppression, which is an important issue in patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation
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| angel23
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HNPCC-microsatellite instability is characteristic of individuals with loss of function mutations in mismatch repair genes ass.with HNPCC ,Hendometrial
cancer and microsatellite instability in tumour cells
Areas of DNA with dinucleotide repeats often ass.with strand slippage during DNA replication that can change no.of repeats on newly synthe-
sised strand(microsatellite instability)-dinucleotide instability
Microsatellites are repeating units of 2-4bps and length of entire repeat is 150bp....simple tandem repeat......PCR amplifies this.Microsatellie testing cannot
detect single base pair mutations
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| angel23
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Langhans type giant cells in which the nuclei are lined up around the periphery of the cell
foreign body giant cells have nuclei scattered haphazardly about the cell.
Seen under polarized light are numerous bright white crystals of talc in a patient who was an intravenous drug user. The injected drug was diluted
with the talc. Such foreign material can produce a granulomatous reaction.
Selectins: molecules on leukocytes (L-selectin) and endothelium (E-selectin, P-selectin) act as receptors to provide loose binding for rolling.
ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1 provides more firm adhesion of the neutrophil, via integrins on neutrophil surfaces, to the endothelium.
CD31: this cell to cell adhesion molecule aids in diapedesis.
Collagen (type IV in basement membrane and types V and VI as fine fibrils) comprises the structural component of ECM
Mallory bodies (the red globular material) composed of cytoskeletal filaments in liver cells chronically damaged from alcoholism. These are a type
of "intermediate" filament between the size of actin (thin) and myosin (thick).
the red globules seen in this PAS stained section of liver are accumulations of alpha-1-antitrypsin in a patient with a congenital defect involving
cellular metabolism and release of this substance
lung is as solid as liver because of Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii) pneumonia (PCP). There is diffuse consolidation. PCP is typical of
immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS.every alveolus is filled with granular pink exudate in this case of Pneumocystis
carinii (jirovecii) pneumonia (PCP). This reduces oxygen exchange and leads to the dyspnea and cough characteristic for PCP.
The best way to make the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii) pneumonia is to perform a Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain
on the lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The cyst wall is stained, and the organisms appear as crushed ping-pong balls, or crescent
shapes, or folded spheres, or flattened beach balls, or deflated tennis balls, or....
This is a Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis stained with GMS to reveal the nuclei. In this AIDS patient, the organisms didn't even bother to make
a capsule. The budding cells of Cryptococcus have a narrow base.
With a PAS stain, the budding cells and pseudohyphae (short filaments that are not true hyphae) of Candida stain bright red.
Aspergillus fungal hyphae like to invade vessels and surrounding tissues
Cryptosporidium parvum infection is best diagnosed by stool exam. Three cysts stained pale red are seen in the center with this acid fast stain.
each macrophage is filled with numerous small organisms. The organisms have a clear zone around a central blue nucleus which gives the cell membrane
the appearance of a capsule. Hence, the name of the organism.
The pink intranuclear inclusions in the erythroid precursors seen here are characteristic for parvovirus infection
Scattered giant cells with a scant mononuclear interstitial infiltrate are seen here in the lung. The pink, rounded intracytoplasmic inclusion in the giant
cell of the inset at the upper right is typically seen with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a common cause for pneumonia in infants and children under
2 years of age.
RBC with a malarial parasite in the shape of a ring. Three other RBC's in this smear are also infected with a ring trophozoite.
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| angel23
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Aprepitant is a chemical compound that belongs to a class of drugs called substance P antagonists (SPA). It mediates its effect by acting on neurokinin 1 receptor.
Aprepitant under the brand name Emend for prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting
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| angel23
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Rhinoscleroma is divided into 3 stages: (1) the catarrhal, or atrophic, stage; (2) the granulomatous stage; and (3) the sclerotic stage.
Catarrhal, or atrophic, stage
This first stage begins with a nonspecific rhinitis that evolves into purulent fetid rhinorrhea and crusting.
This stage can last for weeks or months.
Granulomatous, or hypertrophic, stage
The nasal mucosa becomes bluish red and granular, with the formation of rubbery nodules or polyps in the nose.
Epistaxis occurs with nasal enlargement, deformity, and destruction of the nasal cartilage (Hebra nose).
The damage may progress to anosmia, anesthesia of the soft palate, enlargement of the uvula, dysphonia, and various degrees of airway obstruction.
Lesions occur in the form of atrophic changes and granulomas, and in the fibrotic, thick, healed stage.
The anterior-inferior part of the antrum and its medial wall are more commonly affected than other structures.
Involvement of the maxillary antrum is suggested in scleroma, and the maxillary antrum may act as a reservoir of infection.
The soft palate is markedly thickened at its attachment to the hard palate, which tapers off toward its free edge. This sign can help in the early diagnosis of the condition.
Physical examination frequently reveals erythematous granular or nodular swellings covered with crusts.
The tumorlike appearance and local spread are suggestive of malignancy. The pseudotumoral rhinoscleromas may be located in a variety of sites, including the septum and in the rhinopharynx.3
Sclerotic stage
The sclerotic stage is characterized by sclerosis and fibrosis.
The sclerotic stage develops where the nodules are replaced by fibrous tissue leading to extensive scarring and possible stenosis.
Causes
Rhinoscleroma is caused by the gram-negative coccobacillus K rhinoscleromatis.
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| angel23
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Sorafenib (rINN), is a drug approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinomaIt is a small molecular inhibitor of Raf kinase, PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), VEGF receptor 2 & 3 kinases and c Kit the receptor for Stem cell factor.multikinase inhibitaor.....it shud not b taken with doxorubicin
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| GoodGirl
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Hello angel23,
your hard work and determination will be paid off very soon ! Keep the motivation going. You are almost there.... keep pushing . 
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| angel23
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thanks goodgirl!!!
u people hav helped me so much to motivate me....
i hav to revise a lott....
hope all this material also helps others!!
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| angel23
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someone who knows relation btw magnesium conc in serum and PTH secretion...
there was a ques on this but i dnt remember the relation..
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| angel23
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Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in selected patients and may increase survival by approximately two months.
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| angel23
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direct glutamate receptor blockade
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| angel23
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Palivizumab (brand name Synagis) is a monoclonal antibody produced by recombinant DNA technology. It is used in the prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections.
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| angel23
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Palivizumab targets the fusion protein of RSV,[2] inhibiting its entry into the cell and thereby preventing infection
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