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I am going to post some math formula here, and sometime, some random points. Anyone is welcome to correct me. I am going to post mostly from explanations, now I am doing kaplan physio questions.
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1.TENS: Gate theory of pain.
2.Tubular fluid is isotonic in proximal tubule, also at the end of the cortical collecting duct. Tubular fluid first become hypotonic towards the end of the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle and will therefore be hypotonic by the macula densa(which is the border between the thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule.
3.Secretin enhance pancreatic bicarbonate secretion alone. Acetylcholine and CCK have little effect on pancreatic bicarbonate secretion alone, but with secretin, they produce greater response to bicarbonate secretion. Somatostatin inhibits pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
4.Systemic veins contain about 64% of our total blood volume, vena cava contain a small fraction. Then pulmonary vasculature, then aorta and large arteries, then chambers of heart, then the arterioles and capillaries.
5.Alpha 2 receptor agonists, such as clonidine, directly inhibit pancreatic insulin secretion. Beta 2 agonist stimulates insulin secretion.
6.Greatest decrease in blood pressure occurs in arterioles.
7.In exercising muscle, there will be a) increased blood flow , wchich will b) increase arteriolar diameter, mucle use o2 more rapidly in this time than delivered by blood, which c) decreases o2 concentration in exercising muscle. d) o2 deficiency causes vasodilator metabolites, such as adenosine, co2, lactic acid to accumulate in tissue, the vasodilator metabolites acting on arterioles lead to e)reduction in vascular resistance, and increase in blood flow.
8.ADH thirst mechanism is responistible for maintaining or controlling extracellular Na concentraion as well as extracellular osmolarity(if salt intake is increased). Aldosterone and angiotensin II are powerful salt-retaining hormones. They regulate the tola amount of Na in the body, but have relatively little effect on plasma Na concentration under normal condition.
9.In older adults, pulse pressure increases as much as two times normal, because the arteries become hardened by arteriolosclerosis.
10.Golgi tendon organs sense tension within the musle and produce inhibitory feedback to alpha motro neuron to relieve the tension. Intrafusal fibre sense muscle length. Alpha motor neuron carry motor impulses in a reflex arc in response to afferent information from intrafusal fiber stretch via Ia nerves.
11.T3 therapy will increase serum T3 levels, but will not increase T4 levels, as T3 is not converted peripherally to T4. TSH will be decreased by feedback inhibition by T3 (but to a lesser degree than it would be by T4). This decrease in TSH will cause a decrease in T4.
12.Plasma osmolarity = (Total body osmoles-Urine osmoles)/(Total body water-Urine volume). Total body water is 60% of body weight. Total body osmoles can be calculated by multiplying initial plasma osmolality and total body water.
13.Cardiac function carves shifts up with increased contractility, down with decreased contractility. Vascular function curve increased blood volume shifts vfc up, decreased blood volume shifts VFC down. Intersection of CFC and VFC in the y azis is cardiac output, x-axis= RAP. The point where the VFC intersects the x-axis=MSFP.
14.Decrease in Na intake will cause increase in rennin release, because due to decrease in Na intake, ECF will be low, BP will be low.
15.Total lung capacity=functional residual capacity + inspiratory capacity
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Increasing K in the cell, depolarizes the cell.
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Aldosterone secretion is controlled by angiotensin II and potassium ions. Cortisol and adrenal androgen secretions are controlled by ACTH.
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Constriction of atterent and efferent arteriole causes renal vascular resistance to increase and renal plasma flow can be maintained constant. Constriction of efferent arteriole would increase glomerula hydrostatic pressure, but constriction of afferent arteriole does not cause that.
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At FRC, airway pressure = 0 cm H2O. Lung volumes greater than FRC=positive airway pressure. Lung volume less than FRC=negative airway pressure.
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Water deprivation causes an extracellular volume contraction, leading to increased plasma osmolarity. Hyperosmolarity ( an increase of only 1% osmolarity of extracellular fluid) results in an increase in the rate of ADH secretion.
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Oestrogen is necessary both proliferative phase ( with small glands) and secretory phase ( with large glands). But progesterone is responsible for changing to secretory phase.
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Total body water is 60% of normal body weight in kg and normal body Na concentration is total body water multiply with normal Na concentration( 140 mEq/L). Total Na concentration is calculated by normal body Na concentration divided by current serum Na concentration.
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Proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for most of the water and salt reabsorbtion (almost 65%).
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Vast majority of blood flow in the left coronary artery occurs during phase 1, which corresponds to the filling phase of ventricular diastole.
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Right lymphatic duct drains the right arm, the right side of the chest, and the right side of the head. The thoracic duct drains the rest of the body.
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S1 occurs with mitral valve closing, S2 occurs with aortic valve closing.
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In restrictive lung disease, such as interstitial fibrosis, there is an increase in the radial traction. Because airways are tethered more strongly to lung parenchyma in fibrosis, the airways will be open more at each lung volume.
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Salt intake should be equal to salt excretion. 95% of salts are excreted through kidneys, and 5% through sweat and feces.
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Aterioles have the highest ratio of wall cross-sectional area to lumen cross-sectional area. The walls of arterioles are relatively thick compared to their overall size and thus provide the greatest resistence. Pressure dissipates over resistance, therefore, the mazimum drop in the blood pressure occurs at the level of the aretioles.
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Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of primary importance for the induction of REM sleep. Some of the other neurotransmitters do function in sleep, but REM sleep can occur in their absence.
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