mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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Get some path leukemias out of the way then some qs i have pending from Katz. Later some Immuno.........a lot of hotch potch and a lot of stuff! AND PRAY for FARAYM......What's urs?
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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Got some stuff from some website.........
Rheumatology Nuclear antibodies
- Antinuclear factor: raised ANF is almost always present in systemic lupus erythematosus (95%). Also associated with: systemic sclerosis (80%), Sjogren's syndrome (60%), polymyositis or dermatomyositis (30%), Still's disease (30%). It may also be seen in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and, occasionally, a positive ANF is found in normal elderly people.2
- Single-stranded DNA antibody: 70% of patients with SLE but also in other autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory conditions and of limited clinical value.
- Anti-double stranded DNA antibody: associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (found in 60% of cases). It is less sensitive but more specific test than antinuclear factor and is rarely positive in other conditions. It correlates with disease activity.
- Drug-induced ANA: half-life of the antibody is about 3 months. Drugs associated with drug-induced lupus syndrome are procainamide, isoniazid, phenytoin, hydralazine, methyldopa, chlorpromazine, penicillamine and minocycline.
- Histone antibodies: SLE (18-50%), drug-induced lupus (95%).
- Nuclear antibody indirect immunoflourescence patterns:
- Peripheral: DsDNA; associated with SLE (60%)
- Homogeneous: DNA-histone complex; SLE
- Speckled:
- Anti-Sm (Smith): very specific but relatively insensitive for SLE. Is associated with central nervous system involvement and nephritis in SLE (20-30%).
- Anti-RNP: mixed connective tissue disease. specific for SLE but lacks sensitivity.
- Anti-Ro: sub-acute lupus erythematosus, neonatal and congenital heart block (10-65%), primary Sjogrens syndrome (30-60%), SLE (30%) with interstitial pneumonitis, systemic sclerosis (60%).
- Anti-LA: primary Sjogrens syndrome (65%), SLE (15%).
- Centromere: 70% of patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc); 20% with systemic sclerosis.
- Nucleolar:
- Nucleolar RNA: systemic sclerosis
- Scl70: diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc)
- PM/Scl: polymyositis, systemic sclerosis overlap syndrome (25%)
- Cytoplasmic:
- Jo-1 (an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibody): dermatomyositis
- Ribosomal-P: SLE (10-15%) often in absence of anti-DsDNA antibodies, neuropsychiatric SLE.
Rheumatoid factor - Rheumatoid factor is a significant serological marker for rheumatoid arthritis but is a poor marker for monitoring disease.
- IgM rheumatoid factor is found in 2-10% of healthy adults.
- IgM rheumatoid factors are associated with rheumatoid arthritis (50-90%), Sjogren's syndrome (up to 100%), SLE (15-35%), systemic sclerosis (20-30%), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (7-10%), polymyositis (5-10%). It is also associated with viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis and leprosy.
Phospholipid antibodies - Cardiolipin antibodies are specifically associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome.
- There is also a possible relationship between high cardiolipin antibody levels and pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes.
Gastroenterology - Intrinsic factor antibodies:
- Very specific and virtually diagnostic for pernicious anaemia but sensitivity is only 40-75%.
- Parietal cell antibodies:
- Associated with autoimmune gastritis but are also found in pernicious anaemia (90%), primary biliary cirrhosis (100%), autoimmune hepatitis (75%) and chronic liver disease (30%).
- Parietal cell antibodies may also be found in elderly patients without autoimmune disease (10-15%).
- IgA Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG), Anti-gliadin and Endomysial antibodies (EMA):
- These are sensitive and specific for Coeliac disease.
- IgA Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) are slowly replacing IgA endomysial antibodies (EMA) as the method of choice for screening for coeliac disease (sensitivity of both tests is 98% and specificity 93-99% for both Coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis).
- tTG is an intracellular enzyme which is the major autoantigen of anti-endomysial antibodies (EMAs). The IgG equivalents of these tests are less specific and sensitive, but may be present if the patient has IgA deficiency, which can be associated with coeliac disease.
- Anti-mitochondrial antibodies:
- May be present in primary biliary cirrhosis (85-90%), chronic active hepatitis (25-30%) and cryptogenic cirrhosis (25-30%).
- There are several different types of mitochondrial antibodies:
- M2 anti-mitochondrial antibodies are found in primary biliary cirrhosis
- M1 is associated with syphilis
- M2 and M3 are associated with primary biliary cirrhosis
- M6 is associated with isoniazid induced hepatitis.
- Anti-smooth muscle antibodies:
- High titres are found in 95% of patients with autoimmune active hepatitis.
- May also be found with primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary pulmonary hypertension and 3% of healthy individuals.
Endocrinology Antibodies in diabetes mellitus
The presence of two or more of the following is associated with a high incidence of the development of Type 1 diabetes within 5-7 years:
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody.
- Islet cell antibody: prevalence at diagnosis is 75%, first degree relatives 2-5% and general population 0.4%.
- Insulin antibody: present in 40% newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes. Titres of both islet cell and insulin antibody diminish once beta cell destruction is advanced and are not usually detected after the first year of disease.
Thyroid antibodies - Microsomal:
- Combined tests for autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome antigens detect almost all goitrous thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease), atrophic thyroiditis and about 70-90% of Graves disease. Thyroid microsome autoantibodies are found in about 6% of normal adults and their prevalence increases with age.
- Thyroglobulin:
- Hashimoto thyroiditis (76-100%), primary hypothyroidism (72%), hyperthyroidism (33%), colloid goitre (8%), adenoma (28%), thyroid cancer (13-65%), pernicious anaemia (27%), Addison's disease (28%) and diabetes mellitus (20%).
- Also found in healthy individuals (18% in women and 5% in men).
- Thyrotropin receptor antibodies:
- Useful in the diagnosis of Graves' disease (seen in 50-80%) but do not distinguish between stimulatory or inhibitory antibodies.
- Thyroid peroxidase antibodies:
- Seen in high titre in 80-95% of patients with hashimoto's thyroiditis but also seen in intermediate titre in 50-80% of patients with Graves' disease.
Sperm antibodies - Specific and characteristic of immunological infertility.
Steroid cell antibodies - Present in Addison's disease (18%) and autoimmune gonadal failure.
Neurology - Myasthenia gravis:
- Acetylcholine receptor antibody is associated in 80% of patients with myasthenia gravis.
- Antibodies in peripheral neuropathy:
- Ganglioside M1 (GM1): 50% of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy and less frequently in Guillain Barre syndrome.
- Antibodies to myelin-associated glycoproteins in multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and SLE.
- Neurological manifestations of malignancy:
- Enteric neuronal antibodies: small cell carcinoma of bronchus.
- Neuronal nuclear antibodies (ANNA): small cell carcinoma of lung, carcinoma of breast.
- Purkinje cell antibodies: gynaecological cancer, Hodgkin's disease
- Retinal antibodies: small cell carcinoma of lung.
Renal disease
Glomerular basement membrane antibodies
- Are detected in untreated Goodpasture's syndrome.
- They may also co-exist with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in patients with systemic vasculitis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN).
- Concentration of GBM antibodies can be used to monitor the patient's response to therapy.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) - Is associated with necrotising vasculitis and vasculitis associated with rheumatic and inflammatory bowel disease.
- There are two major types of indirect immunoflourescence staining:
- C-ANCA (cytoplasmic): associated with Wegener's granulomatosis (90%), micropolyarterits (30%), Churg-Strauss syndrome (30%), Polyarteritis nodosa (11%) and RPGN (8%).
- P-ANCA (perinuclear): associated with microscopic polyangiitis (45%), Churg-Strauss syndrome (60%), anti-GBM disease (30%), crescenteric glomerulonephritis (65%) and Wegener's granulomatosis (10%).
Cardiology
Cardiac muscle antibodies are associated with myocarditis, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and Dressler's syndrome.
Dermatology - Intra-epidermal/desmosome antibody (pemphigus antibody) is associated with all forms of pemphigus.
- Basement membrane zone antibody (pemphigoid antibody) is associated mainly with bullous pemphigoid (present in 70-90% of patients).
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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Arrrrrrrrrite I slept early last night as my body's been playing trick aagain.......... Have started my day now..........got lots to do so will get back later!!!!!!!!!
KG where are u???????? 
U.I'l see u soon! 
SHWE U home?
YUNA has got hers done as has FARA....... Now it's JAIDE and NNL i hope along with EDIE and the mEDCOUK and I. 
GOOD LUCK DEAR PALS ANd like SHWE wud say GOOD LUCK to me tooo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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| GoodGirl
Forum Guru
Topics: 100
Posts: 1,360
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What is that face, you can do it as well ! 
Thanks for the tips, I'm moving forward, will be done with anatomy very soon !
Have a gooood day ! 
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Prioritize & simplify.
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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hEY TNX FOR THE FLOWER..........SO CUTE! gOOD! What are u gonna do next?
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| GoodGirl
Forum Guru
Topics: 100
Posts: 1,360
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Look what I found, especially for you !
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Prioritize & simplify.
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| GoodGirl
Forum Guru
Topics: 100
Posts: 1,360
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Next? Qs. Qs, and more Qs, must listen to Goljan, don't have slightest idea about his lectrues, and of course his RR.
mytime wrote:hEY TNX FOR THE FLOWER..........SO CUTE! gOOD! What are u gonna do next?
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Prioritize & simplify.
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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HEHEHEHEEHE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! TNX!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Look what I found for myself!!!!!!!!!! Now u'll see it everyday!!!!!!!!!!! 
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| keepgoing
Forum Guru
Topics: 71
Posts: 1,853
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hi mytime,juz to drop hello..happy studying!!!
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"God be with me "
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| ShweHope99.9998
Forum Fanatic
Topics: 12
Posts: 2,672
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Hi MT
Home sweet home , but not at the pc or desk this morning, have some night mare or sweet dream, cannot even recall.
Oh well, as far as I can recall all my deep or superficial med knowledge , i think I will be fine.
GL GL GL happy success study to us, all especially if as usaul me, you , & all of us or me , sis , bro , friends & all  
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| acintya
FOCUS on your Goal!
Topics: 7
Posts: 767
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Gmorning Sunshine can't decide if you are the sunshine or Surya
Good idea to not take it during PMS....I totally agree!!! something in the brain just turns on the "Go HAYWIRE" button for me too
Keep up the good work in the Path discussion forum
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Life is a Mind Game! Remember, obstacles aren't meant to prevent your success; they only slow you down and show you where you must work harder.
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| edie
I can, and I will.
Topics: 26
Posts: 1,204
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Hi Mytime!! Somehow I look at the magic wand smiley and my eyelids droop Just wanted to holla before going off to bed. Good night, good luck and see you later
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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So funny while u were writing in mine i was thinking of u and writing in urs! God Bless!!!!!!!!!! It's not the wand it's the books,silly! Telling u they need a break from ur constant staring!
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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OK I read some did some blah blah blah............. went and watched "BOURNE ULTIMANUM " with hubby before it was time to get the kid! Wow! the adrenalin sure helped am back to books. Rest later!!! Plan to have a productive weekend rest we'lll see. plz remind me to post-pone my test next week someone, coz i forgot! And SSS this is not for ur eyes!
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| sss sss
Forum Senior
Topics: 8
Posts: 203
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mytime wrote:OK I read some did some blah blah blah............. went and watched "BOURNE ULTIMANUM " with hubby before it was time to get the kid! Wow! the adrenalin sure helped am back to books. Rest later!!! Plan to have a productive weekend rest we'lll see. plz remind me to post-pone my test next week someone, coz i forgot! And SSS this is not for ur eyes!
i caught you
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| sss sss
Forum Senior
Topics: 8
Posts: 203
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watching movies huh, guess i have to be visiting your journal moe often, someone is having way too much fun
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| oldkidontheblock
Forum Guru
Topics: 57
Posts: 914
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...Yes I think so...sss sss You have to either steal, snatch that whip from MT or get yourself a new one....!!!
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Malcolm Forbes: Victory is sweetest when you've known defeat
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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PRAY u asking SSS just wait till I'm really free!
SSS talk to ya soon!
KID I thot u'd be on myside. Go read for CK u 2.!
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| P4a99
Forum Fanatic
Topics: 39
Posts: 2,411
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sss, we can sure benefit from having you and others check on us too.
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2008 Step 1 Study Plan Discussion ..... I am a moderator not a source for download links. Please do not ask me for any.
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| keepgoing
Forum Guru
Topics: 71
Posts: 1,853
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wow great work,cool.ok this, u were talking about,..thanks alot..i will read it tom,now already time to zzzzzz,gn !!have great day!!
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| amritt786
Forum Senior
Topics: 26
Posts: 198
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hey thanks buddy. good luck to u also.question 4 u mechanism of pain in hand or dactylitis in sickle cell patient
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parda kajj layin sayian saadi changi mandi da
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,173
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Hey Amritt! Good of u to pay a visit.
The answer I think is coz of infarcts in the bones of the fingers of infants. COz of all those sickled cells clogging up and blocking the vessels.
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| yuna
Forum Senior
Topics: 7
Posts: 229
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Hi Mytime my sunshine, I see you are shining on your prep, wish you all the best...
get envy with you, will watch Bourne tonight, alone, believe it or not!
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I have found my love...
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| amritt786
Forum Senior
Topics: 26
Posts: 198
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mechanism behind it is increse adhesion of RBC with endothelium.
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parda kajj layin sayian saadi changi mandi da
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| study499
Forum Elite
Topics: 3
Posts: 515
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So having a productive weekend as u ve planned or not???
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1st before 2nd. stay Single Minded. imagine next year when you have ur results in hand.there will be no way back.
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