sheeezooo
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MICROBIAL DIARRHEA.
organisms causing inflammatory diarrhea /dysentry(invasive
organisms eliciting blood,pus in stool,fever):
-campylobacter jejuni
-salmonella
-shigella
-yersinia enterocolitica
-cl.difficile
-enteroinvasive e.coli
-entamoeba histolytica
organism causing non inflammatory diarrhea(non invasive.no blood,pus in stool)
-rota virus
-norovirus
-adenovirus40/41
-cl.perfringens
-vibrio cholerae
-vibrio parahemolyticus
-enterotoxigenic e coli
-enteropathogenic e coli
-enterohemorrhagic e coli
if some one want to disscuss these organisms separately ..more than wellcome
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| sheena2005
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ok nice topic.
let's start with campylobacter.(gr negative rod)
SOURCE
poultry, domestic,water,unpasteurized milk,fecal oral
-affects usually children
-this bug invades the linning of the small intestine causing inflammation
-it also secrets toxin.
-presents with bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain,fever
-illness course is less then one week.self limiting.
-treatment= maintain hydration.
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| sheeezooo
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-C.JEJUNI..
-MOST COMMON SOURCE..poultry,domestic animals,water
-all age groups can be effected
-incubation period is 3to5 days
-pathogenesis ..invades epithelium,RBC,WBC in stools,(most common bacterial diarrhea in us)
-diagnosis..gram-ve,curverd rod,seagull wings shape,grows at 42 degreeC,microaerophile
-treatment for severe cases only,erythromycin for invasive disease
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| sheeezooo
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nice sheena
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| sheena2005
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how do u diagnose campylobacter clinically
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| study_ing
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ppl its easier if u group the diarrheas as
1) non-invasive eg secretory due to cholera, ETEC
2) inasive - locally eg shigella EIEC
3) systemic-salmonella
OR 1) bloody
2 )malabsorptive
3) watery, non bloody
and then go over their organisms
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| study_ing
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bloody diarrhea in a post op patient..dont forget ...?
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| sheena2005
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campylobacter.
dianosis
microscopic examintaion of stool reveals motile curved gram negative rod.
-selective media with antibiotics at 42 degree C.
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| sheena2005
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nice classification studying
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| sheena2005
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SALMONELLA
-transmission-- fecal oral, poultry, eggs, domestic animals,water
-all espicailly infants and kids affected.
-incubation period-- 8 to 48 hours
-virulence-- motile (H antigen), capsule (Vi antigen) protects from intracellular killing
-adsorb to epithelial cells in terminal ileum, penetrate to lamina propria of illiocecal region causing PMN response PG response which stimulates c AMP and watery diarrhea.
-diarrhea--watery( due to cholera like toxin) or les commonly bloody( due to invasion)
also causes-- fever, nausea, vomiting, abd. tenderness, osteomylitis in sickle cell patients, sepsis, chronic carrier state, liver or spleen enlargment.
duration-- 3 to 5 days.
treatment-- maintain hydration, antibiotics usually not requrid becuse they can prolong the carrier state. they are only given in severe invasive cases.
cipro, ceftriaxone or bactrim is used.
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| sheena2005
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ooopf forgot the lab diagnoses for salmonella
it's blood culture, or stool or urine culture
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| sheeezooo
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wow..
sheena n studyin
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| study_ing
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and the time frames for the cultures...
how do they vary with the week of illness?
btw in a post op pt, likelihood of being antibiotics is high so remember pseudomembranous colitis
C difficile organism.
cytotoxinassay dxtic in stool.
treatment of choice metronidazole. if not vancomycin
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| sheeezooo
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SHIGELLA
-transmission.water,no animal reservior,fecaloral
-all age group can be effected
-incubation 1to7 days
-pathogenesis..shallow mucosal ulcerations and dysentry.septicemia rarely
-diagnosis..gram negative rods,nonlactose fermenting,non motile
-treatment ..only severe cases..flouroquinolones,trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole
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| isis_24
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hi shezoo,
verrry cute pic..brings a smile 2 my face
nice thread this..can u people post abt which drugs act on what receptors...
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| study_ing
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whic cell is not involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque?
neutrophil ( said goljan)
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| study_ing
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Enzyme deficiency metabolic disorder
Skin lesions --- angiokeratomas
HTN
Chronic renal failure
Congestive heart failure
"Only" males affected (putting aside exceptions)
http://www.prep4usmle.com/forum/thread/39827
2 X linked lysosomal storage diseases are Fabry's and Hunter's(deficiency of iduronate sulfatase).
Fabry´s Disease. Deficiency of a-galactisodase A1 resulting in accumulation of ceramide trihexosidase.
was the ans
from another forum thread but it belongs here, i guess
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| sheena2005
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kool points studying......
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| sheeezooo
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thanks isis..
we will try also u r wellcum here to put up any topic u think is important..
thanks studyin...u r a big help for us..GOD bless u.
 oooppssss wrong emo
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| study_ing
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| sheeezooo
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TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY..
GRAFTS.
AUTOLOGOUS...tissue is moved from one location to other in same individual.
SYNGENEIC..transplant b/w genetically identical individuals(monozygotic twins)
ALLOGENEIC..translants b/w genetically diffrent members of same species.
XENOGENEIC..transplant b/w members of diffrent species.
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| sheeezooo
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GRAFT REJECTION REACTION.
-hyperacute rejection..within minutes to hours...due to preformed anti-donar antibodies and complement
-accelerated...takes days...because of reactivation of sensitized Tcells.
-acute..takes days to weeks...due to primary activation of T cells.
-chronic....months to years..causes r unclear: antibodies,immune complexes,slow cellular reaction,recurrence of disease.
-graft versus host..weeks to months...grafted bone marroe T cells attack the host.
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| study_ing
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in cns i think localisation of a lesion according to the presenting complaint wud be hy. its really a waste of neurons if u try memorising ALl the syndroems and try to fit a given clinical picture ..hence we'll figure out hte approach to such a question.
firstly the broad categorisation..
is it a brain stem lesion?
is it below the BS ( SC) ?
is it above the BS( cortex eg)
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| study_ing
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look for two regions..
above the neck?
if deicit is on the same side above and below, think ABOBE THE BRAINSTEM--corex/capsule
( this is a contralateral lesion)
below the neck?
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| study_ing
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if long tract signs are contralateral tofacial deficits, think brainstem.
the CN deficits are ipsi tot he lesion.
the lomng tract deficits are contra to it.
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