indidoc1
Forum Guru
Topics: 50
Posts: 978
| | 03/15/07 - 01:40 AM
| #1126 |
mytime wrote:
And hey we study together ,doesn't mean we cheat! Doing stuff together makes us think alike,
  nice excuse.. The next time someone gets caught copying off his/her neighbour.. they ll say.. "NO, we r just trying to THINK ALIKE"
mytime wrote:
I bet u and INDI know all there's to know about daaris...... we sorry wouldn't know! For obvious reasons!
Well, after seeing ur pic, i m not so sure abt that 
mytime wrote:
aur hum toh dil pai hi lai saktay hai koi or option nahi.......
That confirms what i sometimes suspected.. The cranial cavity sounds hollow
Kabhi dimaag pe lene ki koshish krna..fr confirmation
___________________
"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right!" ~ Henry Ford
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| indidoc1
Forum Guru
Topics: 50
Posts: 978
| | 03/15/07 - 01:46 AM
| #1127 |
i think thats enuff.. gotta get back to studies..
Don't think i m gonna read the retorts soon lest i be tempted again..
n i hope they know enuff to not presume thats bcoz i ws scared
___________________
"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right!" ~ Henry Ford
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,174
| | 03/15/07 - 08:19 AM
| #1128 |
NOW THAT"S funny! Not just an attempt at funny but real funny!!!!!!!!! I wonder y u left the pounds we are busily gaining out!!!!!! Lateral growth!
hat's oof to the real Comedian! Or tongues out as the case maybe!
And my hubby had to shave off his half a beard before we got married that was a clause!
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/15/07 - 08:25 AM
| #1129 |
LOL Indi U have left ppl speechless really truly speechless. Just some random incoherent talk.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| mytime
Kick my butt!
Topics: 39
Posts: 3,174
| | 03/15/07 - 08:34 AM
| #1130 |
SPEECHLESSSSSSSSS????????? ME! Just goes to show how much u cared for me and my illness!  Or u wud know the reality!!!!!!!! :SOB: :SOB: I always knew u didn't care...Read between the lines BTW!
OK guys enuff this is OUR q thread not a wit matching thread. I'm stopping!!!!!!!!!! Since i happen to be the mature adult!  As per ur suggestions!
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/17/07 - 03:28 PM
| #1131 |
1. Active, durable immunization against poliomyelitis can be accomplished by oral administration of attenuated vaccine (Sabin) or by parenteral injection of inactivated (Salk) vaccine. These vaccines are equally effective in preventing disease because
A) both induce adequate IgA at the intestinal mucosa, the site of entry of the virus.
B) antibody in the serum protects against the viremia that leads to disease.
C) viral antigen attaches to the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, preventing attachment of virulent virus.
D) both vaccines induce formation of interferon.
E) both vaccines establish a mild infection that can lead to formation of antibody.
Answer
B Both attenuated and inactivated vaccines lead to formation of circulating antibody, which would provide protection by intercepting the infecting virus before it reaches the target tissue in the central nervous system. While the Sabin vaccine induces mucosal gut IgA that may intercept virus at the portal of entry, the parenterally injected Salk vaccine is not effective in inducing mucosal IgA. Viral antigen in the vaccine might attach to the anterior horn cells in the nervous system, but it probably would not provide durable immunity. Induction of interferon would represent potentially only brief protection. Only the Sabin vaccine, being attenuated and ``live,'' would induce a mild infection.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/17/07 - 03:29 PM
| #1132 |
2. A 2-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital after she developed a severe infection of the large intestine. She had a history of recurrent infections and impaired wound healing. She was previously hospitalized at 3 weeks of age because of swelling and redness around the umbilical stump and high fever. Laboratory tests revealed a high white blood count, normal proportions of B and T lymphocytes and normal levels of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies. However an additional test demonstrated a lack of migration of lymphocytes to the site of a localized skin abrasion. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed that relatively few of the child's blood lymphocytes reacted with a monoclonal antibody to CD18.
the most likely diagnosis :-
A) Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
B) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
C) Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
D) X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
E) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
F) X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome
G) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
H) DiGeorge Syndrome
I) Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
J) Selective IgA Deficiency
Answer:-
A LAD involves an impairment in which neutrophils, monocytes and leukocytes are unable to adhere to vascular endothelial cells, thus preventing extravasation of these cells into tissue spaces. Also impaired are the abilities of CTLs and NK cells to adhere to their target cells and of helper T cells and B cells to form conjugates. LAD is due to defective biosynthesis of the b-chain component (CD18) of one subfamily of integrin adhesion molecules, that include CR3, CR4 (complement receptors), LFA-1, ICAM-1. The b-chain defect results in a near-total loss of all these membrane glycoproteins. Individuals with this defect manifest recurrent bacterial infections (high white blood count is an indication) and impaired wound healing.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/17/07 - 03:33 PM
| #1133 |
3. A 12-year-old junior high school boy was taken to the emergency room because of severe abdominal pains, vomiting and localized swelling of the face. He was also having some difficulty breathing. A history of the patient and his family revealed that the boy suffered from recurrent episodes of abdominal pain since he was 4 years old, as did his mother and maternal grandmother. A complete immunological workup revealed markedly reduced levels of C4 and C1INH in the boy's blood.
the most likely diagnosis :-
A) Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
B) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
C) Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
D) X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
E) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
F) X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome
G) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
H) DiGeorge Syndrome
I) Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
J) Selective IgA Deficiency
Answer:-
C The C1INH (C1-esterase inhibitor) regulates the activation of the classical pathway by preventing excessive C4 and C2 activation by C1. Without this inhibitor, the activation of C1, C2 and C4 are uncontrolled resulting in generation of large amounts of vasoactive peptides. These peptides cause increased permeability of the blood vessels, resulting in localized edema of the tissue. This deficiency results in a disease called Hereditary angioedema. The edema can be in subcutaneous tissues, or within the bowel or upper respiratory tract, where it causes abdominal pain or obstruction of the airway.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/17/07 - 03:35 PM
| #1134 |
4. A 4-year old boy with recurrent infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, Hemophilus influenza, and Pneumocystis carinii was admitted to the hospital following a 3-day sinus infection. His mother noted that he had developed a productive cough, now had a high fever. His white blood cell count was 4200/ul (normal count 5000-9000/ul). Twenty-six percent of his white cells were neutrophils (very low), 56% were lymphocytes (normal), and 28% were monocytes (elevated). A serum work-up revealed that his IgG level was 25 mg/dl (normal 600-1500 mg/dl), IgA was undetectable (normal 150-225 mg/dl) and his IgM level was 210 mg/dl (normal 75-150 mg/dl). A flow cytometric analysis of his peripheral blood cells revealed that all of his B cells were IgM+, IgD+. The boy may be suffering from:
A) Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
B) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
C) Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
D) X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
E) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
F) X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome
G) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
H) DiGeorge Syndrome
I) Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
J) Selective IgA Deficiency
Answer:-
F The activated T cell expresses surface CD40L. CD40L then interacts with CD40, which is constitutively expressed on the B cell, and this cognate interaction induces B cell proliferation, differentiation, and heavy chain isotype switching to IgG, IgA and IgE. T cell derived cytokines also participate in this class switching. In hyper IgM syndrome, CD40L is mutated preventing its interaction with CD40 on B cells. This prevents isotype switching. Consequently, IgM antibodies accumulate, whereas little IgG, IgE or IgA antibodies are produced. Patients with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome are highly susceptible to infection with pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae because they are unable to produce an opsonizing IgG antibody responses to these pathogens. The polysaccharide capsules of these bacteria are resistant to destruction by phagocytes unless they are opsonized. IgG is an opsonizing immunoglobulin beacuse it binds to IgG-specific Fc receptors expressed by phagocytes. Patients with hyper IgM syndrome also have defective cell mediated immunity because of an inability of their macrophages to be optimally activated. Such activation also depends upon engagement of CD40 on macrophages with CD40L on T cells.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/17/07 - 03:35 PM
| #1135 |
5. A 65-year-old construction worker went to see his physician complaining about double vision (diplopia). He also reported having difficulty in chewing and swallowing food and slurring of speech at times. He was referred to a neurologist who observed a weakness in the patient's facial muscles and tongue and an abnormality in his ocular movements and droopy eyelids (ptosis). An ELISA on serum antibodies revealed elevated titers of antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor.
the most likely diagnosis :-
A) Graves Disease
B) Multiple Sclerosis
C) Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (type I)
D) Rheumatoid Arthritis
E) Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
F) Myasthenia Gravis
G) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
H) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
I) Goodpasture's syndrome
Answer:-
F the symptoms described are characteristic of the severe muscle weakness observed in myasthenia gravis. The disease results from the production of auto-antibody specific for the acetylcholine receptor, which blocks acetylcholine's transmitter function at the neuromuscular junction.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/17/07 - 03:37 PM
| #1136 |
6. A 29-year-old women visited her doctor after experiencing joint pain and stiffness in the mornings for several months. A blood test for antiphospholipid antibody was ordered and came back positive. Results from other blood tests revealed elevated titers of serum IgG and antibodies specific for ribonucleoproteins. A urine test was positive for protein.
the most likely diagnosis :-
A) Graves Disease
B) Multiple Sclerosis
C) Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (type I)
D) Rheumatoid Arthritis
E) Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
F) Myasthenia Gravis
G) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
H) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
I) Goodpasture's syndrome
Answer:-
G the symptoms described are characteristic of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). This is a systemic autoimmune disorder which predominantly affects women, in which antibodies to multiple intracellular components such as DNA, phospholipids, and ribonucleoproteins are formed. Complexes of these intracellular antigens and auto-antibody deposit in sites such as the kidney (causing damage measured as protein in the urine), and the joints (causing inflammation and pain).
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| indidoc1
Forum Guru
Topics: 50
Posts: 978
| | 03/18/07 - 07:04 AM
| #1137 |
sorry no one answered the immuno Qs.. i hd already answered so didn't try again. 
Will be posting a few graph Qs frm physio soon.
___________________
"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right!" ~ Henry Ford
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| aim99
Forum Newbie
Topics: 1
Posts: 156
| | 03/18/07 - 06:19 PM
| #1138 |
well i did - i'm happy - i got 5/6.
___________________
Even luck is choosy........it chooses the hard working people!
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| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/19/07 - 05:46 AM
| #1139 |
1. The most common clinical consequence(s) of C3 deficiency is (are)
A) increased incidence of tumors
B) increased susceptibility to viral infections
C) increased susceptibility to fungal infections
D) increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
E) all of the above
2. Which of the following is not characteristic of Bruton's disease
A) defective immunoglobulin synthesis.
B) found in boys, inherited as an x-linked recessive characteristic.
C) pyogenic infections frequently occur.
D) anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinins are low or absent.
E) inability to reject tissue grafts.
3. Immunotoxins are
A) toxic substances released by macrophages.
B) cytokines.
C) toxins completed with the corresponding antitoxins.
D) toxins coupled to antigen-specific immunoglobulins.
E) toxins released by cytotoxic T cells.
4. Tumor antigens have been shown to cross-react immunologically in cases of
A) tumors induced by chemical carcinogens.
B) tumors induced by RNA viruses.
C) all tumors.
D) tumors induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light.
E) tumors induced by the same chemical carcinogen on two separate sites on the same individual.
5. The usual sequence of events in the development of an effective immune response to a viral infection is
A) interferon secretion, antibody synthesis, cellular immune response, NK cell ADCC.
B) antibody synthesis, interferon secretion, NK cell ADCC, cellular immune response.
C) NK cell ADCC, interferon secretion, antibody synthesis, cellular immune response
D) interferon secretion, cellular immune response, antibody synthesis, NK cell ADCC.
E) cellular immune response, interferon secretion, antibody synthesis, NK cell ADCC.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/19/07 - 05:48 AM
| #1140 |
6. The indirect Coombs' test (anti-immunoglobulin test) typically uses:
A) Patient's red cells to determine whether they will bind IgG
B) patient's red cells to determine whether they will bind all immunoglobulins
C) patient's serum to determine whether it forms a precipitate with donor plasma
D) patient's serum to determine whether it contains antibodies that bind to a variety of reagent red cells
E) patient's serum to determine whether it contains antibodies that bind to the patient's red cells
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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| indidoc1
Forum Guru
Topics: 50
Posts: 978
| | 03/19/07 - 06:31 AM
| #1141 |
1- D or E.. ok D
2-E
3-D
4-B
5-A
6-D
and i m getting a funny feeling i hv seen these before
___________________
"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right!" ~ Henry Ford
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| keepgoing
Forum Guru
Topics: 62
Posts: 1,673
| | 03/19/07 - 10:07 AM
| #1142 |
indi u have done already why answering again  cramming nnl's questions good!
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| focusmle
Forum Guru
Topics: 0
Posts: 284
| | 03/19/07 - 01:03 PM
| #1143 |
1.D
2.E
3.D
4.B (used deletion method here......rest all mean the same uv, checmicals......Tumor antigens have been shown to cross-react immunologically in ALL tumors is ofcourse wrong.)
5.D
6.D
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| usmle4me
Forum Elite
Topics: 6
Posts: 283
| | 03/20/07 - 12:11 PM
| #1144 |
1. D
2. E
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. D
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/21/07 - 03:43 AM
| #1145 |
The most common clinical consequence(s) of C3 deficiency is (are)
A) increased incidence of tumors
B) increased susceptibility to viral infections
C) increased susceptibility to fungal infections
D) increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
E) all of the above
D C3 deficiencies are clinically most severe and are often associated with immune complex disease and susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections. This is due to the fact that C3 plays a central role in activation of C5 and formation of MAC and is important for both classical and alternative pathway. C3 plays a critical role in converting a humoral antibody response in to an effective host defense mechanism. Products of C3 or opsonic fragments of C3 have receptors on various cells which help in phagocytosis of opsonized pathogens.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/21/07 - 03:44 AM
| #1146 |
Which of the following is not characteristic of Bruton's disease
A) defective immunoglobulin synthesis.
B) found in boys, inherited as an x-linked recessive characteristic.
C) pyogenic infections frequently occur.
D) anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinins are low or absent.
E) inability to reject tissue grafts.
E Choices a-d are important characteristics associated with Bruton's agammaglobulinemia. Graft rejection is a cell-mediated immune response which is not defective in patients with Bruton's disease.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/21/07 - 03:46 AM
| #1147 |
Immunotoxins are
A) toxic substances released by macrophages.
B) cytokines.
C) toxins completed with the corresponding antitoxins.
D) toxins coupled to antigen-specific immunoglobulins.
E) toxins released by cytotoxic T cells.
D Immunotoxins consist of toxic substances (or radioactive atoms) conjugated to immunoglobulin molecules specific for tumor cells or other target cells.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/21/07 - 03:48 AM
| #1148 |
4. Tumor antigens have been shown to cross-react immunologically in cases of
A) tumors induced by chemical carcinogens.
B) tumors induced by RNA viruses.
C) all tumors.
D) tumors induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light.
E) tumors induced by the same chemical carcinogen on two separate sites on the same individual.
B Immunologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated only in cases of virally induced tumors (caused by either RNA or DNA viruses). Tumors induced by chemical or physical carcinogens do not exhibit cross-reactivity, even if induced by the same carcinogen on separate sites on the same individual.
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/21/07 - 03:56 AM
| #1149 |
5. The usual sequence of events in the development of an effective immune response to a viral infection is
A) interferon secretion, antibody synthesis, cellular immune response, NK cell ADCC.
B) antibody synthesis, interferon secretion, NK cell ADCC, cellular immune response.
C) NK cell ADCC, interferon secretion, antibody synthesis, cellular immune response
D) interferon secretion, cellular immune response, antibody synthesis, NK cell ADCC.
E) cellular immune response, interferon secretion, antibody synthesis, NK cell ADCC.
D The usual sequence of events in the host immune response to a viral infection is interferon secretion, cellular immune response, antibody synthesis, NK cell ADCC. Interferon is produced early in the course of viral infection and serves to slow the infection of adjoining cells. Cellular immune responses in the form of cytotoxic CD8 T cells occur early in viral infection and usually precede the appearance of serum-neutralizing antibody or NK-cell-mediated ADCC (which requires specific antibody).
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
|
| new_n_lost
Politically InCorrect
Topics: 650
Posts: 6,056
| | 03/21/07 - 03:57 AM
| #1150 |
IFN is one of the first lines of defense against viruses because it is induced early after virus infection before any of the other defense mechanisms appear (e.g. antibody, Tc cells etc.)
Normal cells do not contain preformed IFN nor do they secret interferon constitutively. This is because the interferon genes are not transcribed in normal cells. Transcription of the IFN genes occurs only after exposure of cells to an appropriate inducer. Inducers of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta include virus infection, double stranded RNA (e.g. poly inosinicoly cytidylic acid; [poly I:C]), LPS, and components from some bacteria. Among the viruses, the RNA viruses are the best inducers while DNA viruses are poor IFN inducers, with the exception of poxviruses. Inducers of IFN-gamma include mitogens and antigen (i.e. things that activate lymphocytes).
Cellular Events in the Induction of Interferons - The IFN genes are not expressed in normal cells because the cells produce a labile repressor protein that binds to the promoter region upstream of the gene and inhibits transcription. In addition, transcription of the genes require activator proteins to bind to the promoter region and turn on transcription. Inducers of IFN act by either preventing synthesis of the repressor protein or increasing the levels of the activator proteins, thereby turning the IFN gene on. After the inducer is gone, the IFN gene is again turned off by the repressor protein and/or the lack of activator proteins. Once the gene is turned on, it is transcribed, the mRNA is translated and the protein is secreted from the cell. The IFN will bind to IFN-receptors on neighboring cells and induce an antiviral state in the second cell.
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/vir-host2000.ht...
___________________
FORUM RULES-- Those who believe in telekinesis, raise my hand. I get enough exercise just by pushing my luck --P4U World.." The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
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