dxtxpx
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some outline q for quick review:
Are hallucinations common in narcolepsy patients?
Yes. Both hypnagogic (just before sleep) and hypnopompic (with awakening) are both common.
Define cataplexy.
Sudden collapse (falls asleep) while awake.
Define sleep apnea.
Person stops breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep.
Distinguish between central and obstructive sleep apnea.
"In central sleep apnea, there is no respiratory effort. In Obstructive sleep apnea, there is respiratory effort against airway obstruction."
Does narcolepsy have a genetic component?
Yes. Studies have shown a strong genetic component of narcolepsy.
Does REM sleep increase or decrease with age?
Decreases
Extraocular movements during REM sleep are due to what portion of the brain?
Parapontine Reticular Formation/Conjugate Gaze Center
How often does REM sleep occur?
Every 90 minutes (duration may increase during the night)
Name 1 neurotransmitter change associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Decreased Ach
Name 1 neurotransmitter change associated with Parkinson's disease.
Decreased Dopamine
Name 1 neurotransmitter change associated with Schizophrenia
Increased Dopamine
Name 2 effects of stress on the body.
"1. Induces production of FFA, 17-OH corticosteroids, lipids, cholesterol, and catecholamines
2. Affects water reabsorption, muscular tonicity, gastrocolic reflex, and mucosal circulation."
Name 2 neurotransmitter changes associated with depression.
Decreased NE and serotonin (5-HT)
Name 2 neurotransmitter changes associated with Huntington's disease.
Decreased GABA and Ach
Name 3 changes in sleep stages often found in people with depression.
1. Reduced slow-wave sleep 2. Decreased REM latency 3. Early morning awakening (important screening question)
Name 3 possible findings in non-REM sleep.
"Sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting"
Name 4 physiological actions found in REM sleep.
"Increased/variable pulse, rapid eye movements, increased/variable blood pressure, and penile/clitoral tumescence"
Name 5 possible findings in REM sleep.
"Dreaming, loss of motor tone, possible memory processing function, erection, and increased brain 02 use"
Name 5 possible waveform patterns seen in the various sleep/wake stages.
"Alpha, Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude), Theta, Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude), Sleep spindles with K-complexes"
Name 7 functions of the frontal lobe.
"Concentration, Orientation, Language, Abstraction, Judgment, Motor regulation, Mood"
Name a possible chronic outcome of sleep apnea.
Chronic fatigue
Name five findings associated with sleep apnea.
"Obesity, loud snoring, systemic/pulmonary HTN, arrhythmias, and possibly sudden death."
What 3 things does the differential diagnosis for sexual dysfunction include?
"1. Drugs (e.g. antiHTN, neuroleptics, SSRIs, and ethanol) 2. Diseases (e.g. depression and diabetes) 3. Psychological (e.g. performance anxiety)"
What is a common treatment for narcolepsy?
Stimulants (e.g. amphetamines)
What is a helpful mnemonic for the order of the corresponding waveform patterns in each stage of sleep?
"At night, BATS Drink Blood."
What is considered the key to initiating sleep?
Serotonergic predominance of the raphe nucleus
What is narcolepsy?
Person falls asleep suddenly
What is the most notable change in function in a frontal lobe lesion?
Lack of social judgment
What is the principal neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep?
Ach
What medication shortens stage 4 sleep and can be used to treat enuresis?
Imipramine
What medication shortens stage 4 sleep and is useful in the treatment of night terrors and sleepwalking?
Benzodiazepines
What neurotransmitter can reduce REM sleep?
NE
What percentage of time is spent in REM sleep?
0.25
What percentage of time is spent in stage 1 sleep?
0.05
What percentage of time is spent in stage 2 sleep?
0.45
What percentage of time is spent in stage 3-4 sleep?
0.25
What phenomenon caused REM sleep to be known as 'paradoxical' or 'desynchronized' sleep?
The EEG pattern during REM sleep is the same as the EEG of a person that is awake and alert.
"What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is awake (eyes open), alert, and has active mental concentration?"
Beta waves
What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is awake but has his/her eyes closed?
Alpha waves
What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in deeper (stage 2) sleep?
Sleep spindles and K-complexes
What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in light (stage 1) sleep?
Theta waves
What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in REM sleep?
Beta waves
"What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in the deepest, Non-REM (stage 3-4) sleep? "
Delta waves
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